5a

"I don’t care whether you want to wash the dishes, you will do so because I said so!" This statement is most representative of a(n) ________ parenting style.

authoritarian

Authoritative parents are likely to have children who:

have high self-esteem and are self-reliant.

Two characteristics of authoritarian parents are that they demonstrate:

high levels of parental control and low levels of parental responsiveness.

Compared to the children with authoritarian parents, the children of authoritative parents are:

more likely to develop a sense of self-reliance and more likely to demonstrate social competence.

Compared to authoritarian parents, authoritative parents are likely to be:

more responsive.

Harlow observed that most monkeys raised in total isolation:

were incapable of mating upon reaching sexual maturity.

Which of the following was not found by the Harlows in socially deprived monkeys?

They showed abnormal physical development.

According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents a ________ morality.

preconventional

Piaget is to cognitive development as Kohlberg is to ________ development.

moral

Even though smoking marijuana would reduce the pain associated with her chronic medical condition, Juanita believes it would be morally wrong because it is prohibited by the laws of her state. Kohlberg would suggest that Juanita demonstrates a(n) _______ morality.

conventional

Mark believes that choosing to violate government laws is morally justifiable if it is done to protect the lives of innocent people. Kohlberg would suggest that this illustrates ________ morality.

postconventional

Menopause refers to:

the cessation of menstruation.

Adolescence is typically a time of:

diminishing parental influence and growing peer influence.

Physical abilities such as muscular strength, reaction time, sensory keenness, and cardiac output reach their peak during:

early adulthood.

After living together for a year, Sylvia and Yefim have decided to marry. Research on premarital cohabitation most strongly suggests that:

their marriage will have a higher-than-average probability of ending in divorce.

Compared to 40 years ago, American men today are marrying:

at an older age and American women are marrying at an older age.

Most contemporary developmental psychologists believe that:

the shaping of personality continues during adolescence and well beyond.

Questions about whether anxious children will grow up to be either fearful or relaxed adults most directly highlight the issue of:

stability or change.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the current thinking of developmental psychologists?

The consistency of personality in most people tends to increase over the life span.

The McDougals use harsh discipline on their children and demand unquestioning obedience. Psychologists are likely to characterize the McDougals as ________ parents.

authoritarian

Authoritative parents are likely to have children who:

have high self-esteem and are self-reliant.

Parents who are demanding and yet sensitively responsive to their children are said to be:

authoritative

Edith abuses both her 3-year-old and 1-year-old daughters. Her behavior is most likely related to a lack of:

an early and secure attachment to her own parents.

Whose stage theory of moral development was based on how people reasoned about ethical dilemmas?

Kohlberg

According to Kohlberg, morality based on the avoidance of punishment and the attainment of concrete rewards represents a ________ morality.

preconventional

Piaget is to cognitive development as Kohlberg is to ________ development.

moral

Kohlberg emphasized that human behavior becomes less selfish as we mature due to:

cognitive development.

Which of the following is true of adolescence in contemporary industrialized societies, as compared to previous centuries?

It begins earlier in life and ends later in life.

Which of the following statements concerning the effects of aging is true?

The aging process can be significantly affected by the individual's activity patterns.

As men advance through middle adulthood they experience a gradual decline in:

all of the alternatives.

When children grow up and leave home, mothers most frequently report feeling:

happy

Compared to 40 years ago, American men today are marrying:

at an older age and American women are marrying at an older age.

Which of the following statements is consistent with the current thinking of developmental psychologists?

The consistency of personality in most people tends to increase over the life span.

Research on developmental stability and change indicates that:

at the age of 1 or 2, adult personality traits are still largely unpredictable.

Questions about the extent to which maladaptive habits learned in childhood can be overcome in adulthood are most directly relevant to the issue of:

…

At age 12, Sean is happy, self-reliant, and has a positive self-image. It is most likely that Sean’s parents are:

authoritative

Jarrud thinks he should obey his teachers only if they are carefully watching him. Kohlberg would suggest that Jarrud demonstrates a(n) ________ morality.

preconventional

Learning to delay gratification promotes:

moral action.

Among employed women, the task of raising children is especially likely to be associated with ________ marital satisfaction. The departure of mature children from the home is typically associated with ________ marital satisfaction.

decreasing; increasing

Severe and prolonged child sexual abuse places children at risk for:

substance abuse.

Fourteen-year-old Cassandra feels freer and more open with her friends than with her family. Knowing this is the case, Cassandra’s parents should:

not worry, since adolescence is typically a time of growing peer influence and diminishing parental influence.

After their grown children have left home, most couples experience:

greater happiness and enjoyment in their marital relationship.

The fact that many happy and well-adjusted adults were once rebellious and unhappy as adolescents is most relevant to the issue of:

stability or change.

Human sperm cells ________ than egg cells.

are smaller

Dr. Matsuko’s major research interest is the long-term effects of child-rearing practices on the psychological adjustment of offspring. It is most likely that Dr. Matsuko is a(n) ________ psychologist.

developmental

When placed close to a gauze breast pad from their nursing mothers, week-old babies are likely to:

turn their head toward the smell of their mother's pad.

Babies will vigorously root when:

their cheek is touched.

At about 8 months of age, infants develop a fear of strangers because they can’t assimilate unfamiliar faces into their:

schemas.

Fourteen-year-old Lisa was asked, "What would happen if everyone in the world suddenly went blind?" She responded, "Those who had previously been blind would become leaders." Lisa’s answer indicates she is in the ________ stage of development.

formal operational

The first time that 4-year-old Sarah saw her older brother play a flute, she thought it was simply a large whistle. Sarah’s initial understanding of the flute best illustrates the process of:

assimilation.

An impaired theory of mind is most closely associated with:

autism.

As a child observes, liquid is transferred from a tall, thin tube into a short, wide jar. The child is asked if there is now less liquid in order to determine if she has mastered:

the concept of conservation.

Which of the following represents the correct order of Piaget’s stages of cognitive development?

sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational

When placed in strange situations without their artificial mothers, the Harlows’ infant monkeys demonstrated signs of:

insecure attachment.

Some mothers feed their infants when they show signs of hunger, whereas others fail to respond predictably to their infants’ demands for food. These different maternal feeding practices are most likely to contribute to differences in infant:

attachment

Instead of happily exploring the attractive toys located in the pediatrician’s waiting room, little Sandra tenaciously clings to her mother’s skirt. Sandra most clearly shows signs of:

insecure attachment.

Insecurely attached infants who are left by their mothers in an unfamiliar setting often will:

be indifferent toward their mothers on their return.

Calvin, who is trying to impress his psychology professor with his knowledge of infant motor development, asks why some infants learn to roll over before they lift their heads from a prone position, while others develop these skills in the opposite order. What should Calvin’s professor conclude from this question?

Calvin doesn't know what he's talking about. Although some infants reach these developmental milestones ahead of others, the order is the same for all infants.

When psychologists discuss maturation, they are referring to stages of growth that are not influenced by:

nurture

The relative lack of neural interconnections in the association areas at the time of birth is most likely to contribute to:

infantile amnesia.

Four-year-old Karen can’t remember anything of the first few months of her life. This is best explained by the fact that:

she lacked language skills for organizing her early life experiences.

The concept of maturation is most relevant to understanding the absence of:

bladder control among 2-year-olds.

Maturation refers to:

biological growth processes that are relatively uninfluenced by experience.

Given the text discussion of life satisfaction patterns, which of the following people is likely to report the greatest life satisfaction?

too little information to tell

Dr. Joan Goodman is studying how memory changes as people get older. She is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.

developmental

By a week after birth, infants are able to distinguish between their mothers’ and strangers’:

body odors.

In Piaget’s stage of concrete operational intelligence, the child acquires an understanding of the principle of:

conservation.

Piaget was convinced that the mind of a child:

develops through a series of stages.

When Tommy’s mother hides his favorite toy under a blanket, he acts as though it no longer exists and makes no attempt to retrieve it. Tommy is clearly near the beginning of Piaget’s ________ stage.

sensorimotor

During Piaget’s sensorimotor stage, children acquire a:

sense of object permanence.

Five-year-olds who were surprised to discover that a Band Aids box contained pencils subsequently delighted in anticipating their friend’s false belief about the contents of the box. This best illustrates that the children had developed a:

theory of mind.

Although 3-year-old Adam happily explores the attractive toys located in the dentist’s waiting room, he periodically returns to his mother’s side for brief moments. Adam most clearly displays signs of:

secure attachment.

Nature is to nurture as ________ is to ________.

temperament; responsive parenting

Instead of happily exploring the attractive toys located in the pediatrician’s waiting room, little Sandra tenaciously clings to her mother’s skirt. Sandra most clearly shows signs of:

insecure attachment.

Already at 15 months of age, Justin strongly senses that he can rely on his father to comfort and protect him. This most clearly contributes to:

basic trust.

Infant motor development is typically characterized by individual differences in ________ of the major developmental milestones.

the age-related timing but not the sequence

Horace, the youngest child of a high school athletic director, was able to roll over at 3 months, crawl at 6 months, and walk at 12 months. This ordered sequence of motor development was largely due to:

maturation.

Research findings on infant motor development are consistent with the idea that:

maturation of physical skills is relatively unaffected by experience.

Mr. Hersch triggered a rooting reflex in his infant son by touching him on the:

cheek

By a week after birth, infants are able to distinguish between their mothers’ and strangers’:

body odors.

Chloe can clearly sense when her sister’s teasing is intended to be friendly fun or a hostile put-down. This best illustrates that Chloe has developed a(n):

theory of mind.

Which psychologist was most influential in shaping our understanding of cognitive development?

Jean Piaget

According to Piaget, egocentrism refers to:

the difficulty perceiving things from another person's point of view.

According to Piaget, accommodation refers to:

adjusting current schemas in order to make sense of new experiences.

In a pleasant but unfamiliar setting, infants with a secure maternal attachment are most likely to:

use their mothers as a base from which to explore the new surroundings.

Marlys is a sensitive, responsive parent who consistently satisfies the needs of Sara, her infant daughter. According to Erikson, Sara is likely to:

form a lifelong attitude of basic trust toward the world.

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by:

Piaget's cognitive development theory.

During which stage of cognitive development do children acquire object permanence?

sensorimotor

One of the three major concerns of developmental psychology centers around the issue of:

continuity or stages.

The rooting reflex refers to a baby’s tendency to:

open the mouth in search of a nipple when touched on the cheek.

When placed close to a gauze breast pad from their nursing mothers, week-old babies are likely to:

turn their head toward the smell of their mother's pad.

When researcher Karen Wynn (1992, 2000) showed 5-month-old infants a numerically impossible outcome, the infants:

stared longer at the outcome.

If children cannot grasp the principle of conservation, they are unable to:

recognize that the quantity of a substance remains the same despite changes in its shape.

Developmental psychologists study physical, cognitive, and ________ changes throughout the human life cycle

social

According to Piaget, children come to understand that the volume of a substance remains constant despite changes in its shape during the ________ stage.

concrete operational

Mrs. Pearson cut Judy’s hot dog into eight pieces and Sylvia’s into six pieces. Sylvia cried because she felt she wasn’t getting as much hot dog as Judy. Piaget would say that Sylvia doesn’t understand the principle of:

Conservation

The importance of schemas was most clearly highlighted by:

Piaget's cognitive development theory.

Two closed, pyramid-shaped beakers containing clearly identical amounts of a liquid are judged by a child to hold different amounts after one of the beakers is inverted. The child apparently lacks a:

concept of conservation

At about 8 months of age, infants develop a fear of strangers because they can’t assimilate unfamiliar faces into their:

schemas

Marissa resents the burden and constraints of caring for her infant daughter and frequently ignores her cries for attention. As a consequence, her daughter is most likely to display signs of:

insecure attachment

Aaron cried when his mother left him in the infant nursery at church, and he was not reassured or comforted by her return a short while later. Aaron showed signs of:

insecure attachment

A mother who is slow in responding to her infant’s cries of distress is most likely to encourage:

insecure attachment

One-year-old Eunice is not overly fearful of strangers but she clearly prefers being held by her mother than by anyone else. Her behavior best illustrates:

secure attachment

The emotional impact of menopause on a woman depends on:

her expectations and attitudes

Nageeb thought all nurses were young females until a middle-aged male nurse took care of him. Nageeb’s altered conception of a "nurse" illustrates the process of:

accommodation

During which of Piaget’s stages does a person develop an awareness that things continue to exist even when they are not perceived?

sensorimotor

The stability of personality traits is greater among:

adults than among children

People’s styles of romantic love in adulthood are most likely to reflect their childhood:

attachment experiences