3 & 4

Organic chemistry is currently defined as

the study of carbon compounds

Which chemical group is most likely to be responsible for an organic molecule behaving as a base

amino

Which of the following hydrocarbons has a double bond in its carbon skeleton?

C2H4

What functional group is commonly used in cells to transfer energy from one organic molecule to another?

phosphate

Variations in the reactive properties of different organic molecules are most closely associated with _____.

the presence or absence of functional groups

Which of the functional groups is most likely to gain a proton and become positively charged?

amino

Which statement about isomers is correct?
1. Structural isomers differ in the position of double bonds within the molecule.
2 Cis-trans isomers are mirror image isomers.
3 Enantiomers differ in biological activity.

3

how do isomers differ from one another

Isomers differ in the arrangement or bonding of atoms.

Citric acid makes lemons taste sour. Which of the following is a functional group that would cause a molecule such as citric acid to be acidic?

carboxyl

Which of the following best describes cis-trans isomers?
1 They have the same number of atoms of the same elements but different structures.
2 They are long chains of hydrogen and carbon atoms.
3 They differ in the arrangement of covalent bonds and in covalent partners.
4 They are mirror images of each other.
5 They differ in their spatial arrangement around inflexible double bonds.

5

Molecules that have the same chemical formula (same numbers of each atom) but different three-dimensional shapes are called _____.

isomers

Which of the following is a hydrocarbon?
1 C6H12O6
2 H2CO3
3 C3H8
4 CO2
5 CCl2F2

3

The large diversity of shapes of biological molecules is possible because of the extensive presence of _____ in the molecules.

carbon

L-dopa is used to treat _____.

Parkinson’s disease

What kind of effect does R-dopa have on Parkinson’s disease?

none

Enantiomers are molecules that _____.

mirror images

Enantiomers are molecules that _____.

differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond

Vitalism gave way to mechanism, the view that _____.

physical and chemical laws govern living systems

The experiments of Wöhler, Kolbe, Miller, and other chemists invalidated the concept of vitalism by demonstrating that _____.

organic molecules could be produced apart from living organisms using inorganic materials

Most organic compounds contain carbon and _____.

hydrogen

Each water molecule is joined to _____ other water molecules by ____ bonds.

four…hydrogen

The unequal sharing of electrons within a water molecule makes the water molecule _____.

polar

The tendency of an atom to pull electrons toward itself is referred to as its _____.

electronegativity

Water molecules have a polarity, which allows them to be electrically attracted to other water molecules and other polar molecules by weak chemical bonds known as _____.

hydrogen bonds

Because organisms are made primarily of water, they resist rapid temperature changes. This useful quality is based on water’s _____.

high specific heat

The amount of energy that must be absorbed or lost to raise or lower the temperature of 1 g of liquid water by 1°C _____.

is 1 calorie

Many of water’s emergent properties, such as its cohesion, its high specific heat, and its high heat of vaporization, result from the fact that water molecules _____.

are attracted to each other by partial negative and positive charges on the oxygen and hydrogen atoms, respectively

Sodas typically contain sugar, flavorings, coloring agents, and carbon dioxide dissolved in water. The best term to describe this mixture would be _____.

aqueous solution

If the molecular mass of a carbon atom is 12, the mass of a hydrogen atom is 1, and the mass of an oxygen atom is 16 daltons, how many molecules does one mole of table sugar (sucrose; C12H22O11) contain?

6.02 x 10^23

In a neutral solution the concentration of _____.

hydrogen ions is equal to the concentration of hydroxide ions

Which of these is the correct equation for the dissociation of water?
1 H2O <==> H+ + OH-
2 H+<==> H2O + H2O+
3 H2O + H2O <==> H3O+ + OH-
4 H2O + OH-<==> H2O+
5 H2O + H2O+<==> H2O + OH-

3

What is the charge on a hydronium ion?

+1

What is the charge on a hydroxide ion?

-1

An acid is a substance that _____.

increases the hydrogen ion concentration of an aqueous solution

A pH of 6 is how many times more acidic than a pH of 9?

1,000

Most acid precipitation results from the combination of _____ with water in the atmosphere, forming strong acids that fall with rain or snow.

sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides

Many mammals control their body temperature by sweating. Which property of water is most directly responsible for the ability of sweat to lower body temperature?

the absorption of heat by the breaking of hydrogen bonds

The bonds that are broken when water vaporizes are

hydrogen bonds between water molecules.

Which of the following is a hydrophobic material?
1paper
2 table salt
3 pasta
4 sugar
5 wax

5

We can be sure that a mole of table sugar and a mole of vitamin C are equal in their

number of molecules

Which property of water allows dogs to cool themselves by panting?

waters high heat of vaporization

Which property of water allows a water strider to walk on water?

water’s high surface tension