Substances that are naturally produced by certain microorganisms that can inhibit or destroy other microorganisms are called |
A. antibiotics. |
Antimicrobials effective against a wide variety of microbial types are termed |
E. broad-spectrum drugs. |
Antibiotics are derived from all of the following except |
C. Staphylococcus. |
Important characteristics of antimicrobial drugs include |
E. All of the choices are correct. |
The use of a drug to prevent imminent infection is called |
D. prophylaxis. |
The use of any chemical in the treatment, relief, or prophylaxis of a disease is called |
B. chemotherapy. |
Penicillins and cephalosporins |
E. block peptidases that cross-link glycan molecules. |
Selective toxicity refers to |
C. damage to the target organisms but not host cells. |
Each of the following effect cell walls except |
D. erythromycin. |
Aminoglycosides |
C. attach to the 30S ribosomal subunit and disrupt protein synthesis. |
Each of the following target prokaryotic ribosomes except |
C. polymyxins. |
Drugs that insert on the _____ ribosomal subunit prevent peptide bond formation or inhibit translocation of the subunit during translation. |
C. 50S |
Sulfonamides |
B. block folic acid synthesis. |
Sulfa drugs work on |
D. folic acid biosynthesis. |
Sulfonamides are analogs of PABA and, as a result, they inhibit _____ synthesis. |
D. folic acid |
Drugs that act by mimicking the normal substrate of an enzyme, thereby blocking its active |
C. competitive inhibitors. |
Ampicillin, amoxicillin, mezlocillin, and penicillin G all have |
A. a beta-lactam ring. |
A chemical that inhibits beta-lactamase enzymes is |
D. clavulanic acid. |
What type of chemical will allow some bacteria to be resistant to many penicillins? |
B. penicillinase |
All of the following pertain to cephalosporins except |
E. are synthetic drugs. |
Which antimicrobial does not inhibit cell wall synthesis? |
A. gentamicin |
Which drug is used to treat cases of tuberculosis? |
E. isoniazid |
What drug is used in cases of penicillin and methicillin resistance and also used to treat endocarditis? |
B. vancomycin |
Clavulanic acid |
A. inhibits B-lactamase activity. |
All _____ consist of a thiazolidine ring, a beta-lactam ring, and an R group. |
A. penicillins |
The major source of naturally produced penicillin is the mold |
B. Penicilium chrysogenum. |
Gram-negative rods are often treated with |
C. aminoglycosides. |
Which antimicrobial does not interfere with protein synthesis? |
D. trimethroprim |
Which of these drugs has the most narrow spectrum? |
B. isoniazid |
Antimicrobials that are macrolides |
C. include azithromycin, clarithromcyin and erythromycin. |
The drug that can cause injury to red blood cells and white blood cells is |
A. chloramphenicol. |
Which of the following antibacterial drug groups does not target protein synthesis? |
D. sulfonamides |
Which antibiotic is used to treat MRSA and VRE infections? |
C. linezolid |
Which of the following is not true of polymyxins? |
D. target cell walls |
The antifungal drug that can be used to treat serious systemic fungal infections is |
C. amphotericin B. |
Ketoconazole, fluconazole, clotrimazole and miconazole are broad-spectrum azoles used to treat _____ infections. |
B. fungal |
Which of the following is not a drug group used to treat fungal infections? |
A. quinolones |
The drug used for several protozoan infections is |
E. metronidazole. |
Mebendazole is a drug used to treat _____ infections. |
D. helminthic |
There are fewer antifungal, anti-protozoan, and anti-helminth drugs compared to antibacterial drugs because fungi, protozoa, and helminths |
C. are so similar to human cells that drug selective toxicity is difficult. |
Primaquine and chloroquine are drugs used in the treatment of |
D. protozoan infections. |
Which of the following is not a mode of action of antiviral drugs? |
E. bond to ergosterol in the cell membrane |
An antiviral that is a guanine analog would have an antiviral mode of action that |
C. inhibits DNA synthesis. |
Antiviral drugs that target reverse transcriptase would be used to treat |
B. HIV. |
Acyclovir is used to treat |
C. herpes simplex virus. |
Which of the following block HIV binding to host cell receptors? |
D. fuzeon |
The cellular basis for bacterial resistance to antimicrobials include |
E. All of the choices are correct. |
The multidrug resistant pumps in many bacterial cell membranes function by |
C. removing the drug from the cell when it enters. |
Microbial resistance resulting from mutation occurs because |
E. All of the choices are correct. |
Each of the following result in drug resistance except |
B. drug used as a nutrient by the cell. |
Each of the following is a mechanism for drug resistance transfer between microorganisms except |
D. mutation. |
Each of the following contributes to emerging drug resistance except |
C. multiple drug therapy. |
Nutrients that encourage the growth of beneficial microbes in the intestines are known as |
A. prebiotics. |
The use of vaginal inserts of Lactobacillus to restore a healthy acidic environment is an example of |
B. probiotics. |
Broad-spectrum drugs that disrupt the body’s normal flora often cause |
B. superinfections. |
Side effects that occur in patient’s tissues while on antimicrobial drugs include all the following except |
A. development of resistance to the drug. |
A superinfection results from |
D. decrease in most normal flora with overgrowth of an unaffected species. |
The _____ are drugs that deposit in developing teeth and cause a permanent brown discoloration. |
D. tetracyclins |
Drug susceptibility testing determines |
B. the pathogen’s response to various antimicrobials. |
A clinical microbiologist makes serial dilutions of several antimicrobials in broth, and then incubates each drug dilution series with a standard amount of a patient’s isolated pathogen. What is this microbiologist setting up? |
D. MIC |
A ratio of the dose of the drug that is toxic to humans versus the minimum effective dose for that pathogen is assessed to predict the potential for toxic drug reactions. This is called the |
E. therapeutic index (TI). |
If pathogen A is more resistant to an erythromycin disc on a Kirby-Bauer plate compared to pathogen B, then pathogen A will have a(n) _____ zone of inhibition compared to pathogen B. |
A. smaller |
Which therapeutic index value would be the drug of choice? |
A. 20 |
Which two antibiotics affect the DNA and RNA of bacteria? |
C. Rifampin and quinolones |
Antimicrobial drugs that inhibit folic acid synthesis work with no side effects because mammals must get folic acid from their diet. |
true |
Species of Bacillus produce bacitracin and the polymyxins. |
true |
An antibiotic of the penicillin family is penicillin G. |
true |
The first modern antimicrobial drugs were sulfa drugs. |
true |
Ciprofloxacin is used to treat viral respiratory infections. |
false |
Resistance factor plasmids are transferred to other bacterial cells during transformation, |
true |
Bacteria can have a natural resistance to a drug that it has never been exposed to. |
true |
When a patient’s immune system reacts adversely to a drug, this serious side effect is called a superinfection. |
false |
Drugs that are hepatotoxic cause damage to a patient’s kidneys. |
false |
The MIC is the smallest concentration of an antimicrobial required to inhibit the growth of the microbe. |
true |
The Kirby-Bauer test uses an agar surface, seeded with the test bacterium, to which small discs containing a specific concentration of several drugs are placed on the surface. |
true |
An antimicrobial with a low therapeutic index is a safer choice compared to a drug with a high therapeutic index. |
false |
It is better to use a broad-spectrum drug instead of a more specific narrow-spectrum drug. |
false |
Newer, more expensive antimicrobials are always better to use than cheaper, older drugs. |
false |
Indwelling catheter biofilm infections are more resistant to antibiotics than non-biofilm infections. |
true |
Drug toxicity occurs when an antimicrobial drug acts as antigen and stimulates an allergic response. |
false |
10 Micro – Antimicrobial Treatment
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