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A major precondition of industrialization in Britain was its____________________, which Britain had developed far earlier and more fully than other countries. |
growing supply of capital |
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British middle-class respectability required |
hard work, character, and financial independence. |
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During the 1830s, women and children in Great Britain may have constituted |
two-thirds of the labor force in textile mills |
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During the early stages of industrialization, Great Britain’s small size |
encouraged the development of a well-integrated domestic market |
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European middle-class believed they could move up in society, or "get ahead," |
by means of intelligence, luck and serious devotion to work. |
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Financial support for British enterprises and new industries came from |
Britain’s readily available supply of capital from its dominant position in international trade |
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In political terms, the members of the British Parliament |
were businessmen or investors themselves, so they supported legislation favorable to businesses |
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Many inventions improved textile manufacturing in the 1700s. The first of these was the "flying shuttle," which was invented by |
John Kay |
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Many nineteenth-century doctors and scientists attributed women’s supposed moral superiority to their |
lack of sexual feeling, or passionlessness |
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One consequence of the industrialization of Europe was its detrimental effect on the environment. This was first noted in its effect on air quality, as typified by Coketown, the fictional city in the novel Hard Times, by: |
Charles Dickens |
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Overall pollution in British cities contributed to bronchitis and tuberculosis, which both may have accounted for |
25 percent of British deaths |
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Poor living conditions in the cities reached the point that |
governments adopted measures in an attempt to try to prevent the spread of catastrophic epidemics |
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Queen Victoria of Great Britain ascended to the throne in 1837 and became one of the country’s most successful monarchs, in no small measure because she |
embodied the traits important to the middle class, whose habits of mind we now call Victorian. |
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Radicals and reformers tended to lump all the issues associated with urban life together and refer to them as |
the social question |
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The development of the steam engine decisively transformed the nineteenth-century world. The _________ was one of its many applications. |
railroad locomotive |
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The explosive growth of the textile industry created a political debate on |
the benefits and tyranny of new industries |
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The mining industry in Britain was required to grow and mine deeper due to the increased demand for |
coal. |
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The textile industry in Britain helped initiate and drive the Industrial Revolution through a number of technological innovations. One of these, which was developed in 1799, combined the advantages of the water frame and the spinning jenny. It was known as the |
spinning mule. |
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A Romantic would probably argue that human nature is |
diverse, and finds truth in emotion |
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Between 1839 and 1848, the leading British voice(s) calling for democracy |
were the Chartists, who gathered 6 million signatures in support in 1848 |
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Conservatives came to be nationalists because their definition of a nation included |
he national traditions of dynastic ruling families and hereditary elites. |
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Disagreeing with liberals and republicans who both defined a nation as a body of free citizens, Marxist socialists maintained that |
social class was the predominant building block of society and that class identity was universal, not national, in nature |
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During the early nineteenth century, liberals supported nationalism because they associated it with constitutions, national political institutions, and |
political transformation |
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During the nineteenth century, many European economists, such as _________, sought to develop national economies and national infrastructures in keeping with the general rise of nationalism. |
Friedrich List |
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Nationalism was promoted by the nations themselves through various institutions and activities, including |
teaching a single national language in the school system |
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Slave revolts in the United States and the Caribbean polarized the debate about slavery, |
and increased slaveholders’ sense of vulnerability and isolation |
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The abolitionist movement gained considerable momentum in England through such leaders as |
William Wilberforce. |
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The basis of nineteenth-century conservatism was a belief in political stability, which conservatives thought would be guaranteed by: |
the monarchy. |
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The Congress of Vienna sought to reestablish and reinforce Europe’s: |
monarchical regimes. |
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The founder of more developed and modern socialism was |
Karl Marx |
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The paintings of the British artist _______________ demonstrate Romanticism. |
J. M. W. Turner |
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The Revolutionary era seems to have used slavery as a metaphor for everything that was bad |
except the institution of slavery itself. |
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The Romantics’ interest in history and the lives of the people can be seen in Rossini’s opera ____________, which also promoted Italian nationalism. |
William Tell |
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The three core principles of liberals were equality before the law, government based on the consent of the people, and |
individual freedom to engage in economic activity without governmental interference. |
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The writings of the seventeenth-century political philosopher John Locke formed the basis of the beliefs of British |
liberals |
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We can draw a distinction between liberals and republicans on the issue of: |
the criteria used for determining citizenship. |
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